Friday, November 15, 2019

Grammar in the Classroom :: Teachers Education Language Essays

Grammar in the Classroom A large part of an English teacher’s job deals with helping students find their own voices amidst the many teachings of their parents and peers. A student’s voice can be their values, their interests, and their perspectives of the world in which they live. Their voice can be their critical questioning of the many situations they face, whether in a text, the school cafeteria, or a park after school. It is the job of an English teacher to aid in finding this voice through their writing. It is by putting words and thoughts down on paper that a student can sometimes feel comfortable enough to take risks and find their true voices. Although traditional grammar instruction has long been thought to improve this skill, this is no longer the case. Instead, by providing a classroom environment in which students are immersed in classic literature from many genres including poetry, short stories, and novels, students will learn how to harness grammar for their own purposes of findi ng their voice in their writing. Rather than teach grammar initially and hope that students connect their drilling exercises of subjects and verbs to the poem they’re working on, teaching the varieties of literature first allows students to gain first-hand experience and familiarity with grammar already in practice. This is not to say that grammar lessons and terminology should be lost altogether. A student will not be better off if they never learn subject-verb agreement. However, their exposure to examples of these uses should come first, leaving the labeling and grammar jargon to a time when their minds have already seen how these nouns and verbs can be used. That’s the key phrase: can be used. Students need to understand that they have control and authority over their work. They should have space enough to understand that although a sentence should be written in a certain way, it does not always have to be straightforward grammar if they’d like to change something stylistically. For example, while teaching a lesson on the poem "l(a" by E.E. Cummings, students might be confused and puzzled as to the form of this unusual piece. However, they should then be invited to challenge Cummings’s lack of traditional grammar and stylistic choices. Some may be angry at its unique appearance, while others may grasp the significance of the form and its effect on the reader.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Causes of Stress Among Teachers

a) Generating ideas Excessive workload Causes of stress Inadequate Large class size salaries Societal factors Involuntary transfer b) Focusing c) Supporting Introduction Stress could simply be defined as an unpleasant emotion which arises when people worry that they could not cope with excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them such as anger or depression by a teacher usually accompanied by potentially pathogenic, physiological and biochemical changes resulting from aspects of the teacher’s job.Therefore, it is essential for both pre-service teachers and those already in the profession to identify the causes of stress. Large class size Generally, the most effective classrooms are those in which teachers can communicate and cope with each of the student to meet their needs, thus require full attention of the students. The task become difficult with the increase in size of the class because large class size provides fewer opportunities to interact individually with each student. Hence, the teacher feel less involved and less effective. Inadequate salariesInadequate salaries also one of the factor that face by many teachers and this has also causes stress among teachers. Most of the teachers complain of their low salaries. In addition, parents and society give a high expectations and invest them with an enormous degree of responsibility while politicians continually declare that our children are our nation’s future. In response to such statement, the teachers ask for their financial rewards that equate with such important task. Societal factors Generally, the teachers welcome parental environment in schools but majority of the parents are not supportive to teachers.Unsupportive parents come under two major varieties which are not involved and too involved. Parents whom not involved are those parents who are not available, incapable or uninterested in their children’s education and those who put the whole responsibility of ed ucating their children on teachers. Parents whom too involved are those parents who have decided that the real education is only possible if parents constantly monitor what occurs in the school. Conclusion It is generally accepted that stress is a multi-dimensional and multi-concept.Increasingly it has acquired a negative connotation, implying excessive demand or pressure. It is difficult to distinguish stress from its causes and effects. However, the teachers should fine an effective way to overcome their stress. d) Drafting Stress could simply be defined as an unpleasant emotion which arises when people worry that they could not cope with excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them such as anger or depression by a teacher usually accompanied by potentially pathogenic, physiological and biochemical changes resulting from aspects of the teacher’s job.Stress also has become an integral part of living. For some individuals it is the driving force behind succes sful undertakings and for others it is the cause of their failures. In this ever-changing and fast-paced society, career related stress has become a prevalent term in everyday language. Whether one is a novice or a seasoned veteran in profession, almost all individuals experienced stressful situations in their jobs. Recently, this condition has been more widely explored for a select group of professionals which are our nation’s teachers.Therefore, it is essential for both pre-service teachers and those already in the profession to identify the causes of stress. Generally, the most effective classrooms are those in which teachers can communicate and cope with each of the student to meet their needs, thus require full attention of the students. The task become difficult with the increase in size of the class because large class size provides fewer opportunities to interact individually with each student. Hence, the teacher feel less involved and less effective. Moreover, with t he increase in class size, the classroom management will become more difficult.The teacher might need to use higher voice tone while teaching and giving instructions to students. Furthermore, overcrowded classrooms will make the lesson uninteresting and the students will feel sleepy because the teacher cannot focus on every student while teaching, thus the student will not give full attention to the lesson and this factor will causes stress among teachers. Inadequate salaries also one of the factor that face by many teachers and this has also causes stress among teachers. Most of the teachers complain of their low salaries.Some of them compare their salaries with other professionals group and their work at school level with the teachers at college level. This situations become stressful for the teachers. However, to meet their expenditure they search for other ways. For example, they do a private tuition which is a good way but not the best one because it is not good for teachers to earn from their own school students. In addition, parents and society give a high expectations and invest them with an enormous degree of responsibility while politicians continually declare that our children are our nation’s future.In response to such statement, the teachers ask for their financial rewards that equate with such important task. This shows that inadequate salaries is one of the causes of stress among teachers. The school success is strongly influence by unconcerned parents, parents beliefs, an integral part of the educational process and parental support of children’s work. Generally, the teachers welcome parental environment in schools but majority of the parents are not supportive to teachers. Unsupportive parents come under two major varieties which are not involved and too involved.Parents whom not involved are those parents who are not available, incapable or uninterested in their children’s education and those who put the whole responsibil ity of educating their children on teachers. Parents whom too involved are those parents who have decided that the real education is only possible if parents constantly monitor what occurs in the school. Usually, this parents feel that their child is being overlooked by the teacher and that only constant pressure on their part will rectify the situations.Generally, parents are perceived by the teachers as either unhelpful, unavailable or intrusive although all parents are not of such kind. This societal factors is one of the causes of stress. It is generally accepted that stress is a multi-dimensional and multi-concept. Increasingly it has acquired a negative connotation, implying excessive demand or pressure. It is difficult to distinguish stress from its causes and effects. Large class size, inadequate salaries and societal factor are the causes of stress among teachers.However, the teachers should fine an effective way to overcome their stress such as take control of the situatio ns, figure out what is the most important and set priorities. By practicing these alternative they can reduce their stress and become more relevant in their work. (720 words) e) Revising Stress could simply be defined as an unpleasant emotion which arises when people worry that they could not cope with excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them such as anger or depression by a teacher usually accompanied by potentially pathogenic, physiological and biochemical changes resulting from aspects of the teacher’s job.Stress also has become an integral part of living. For some individuals it is the driving force behind successful undertakings and for others it is the cause of their failures. In this ever-changing and fast-paced society, career related stress has become a prevalent term in everyday language. Whether one is a novice or a seasoned veteran in profession, almost all individuals experienced stressful situations in their jobs. Recently, this condition ha s been more widely explored for a select group of professionals which are our nation’s teachers.Therefore, it is essential for both pre-service teachers and those already in the profession to identify the causes of stress. Generally, the most effective classrooms are those in which teachers can communicate and cope with each of the student to meet their needs, thus require full attention of the students. The task become difficult with the increase in size of the class because large class size provides fewer opportunities to interact individually with each student. Hence, the teacher feel less involved and less effective. Moreover, with the increase in class size, the classroom management will become more difficult.The teacher might need to use higher voice tone while teaching and giving instructions to students. Furthermore, overcrowded classrooms will make the lesson uninteresting and the students will feel sleepy because the teacher cannot focus on every student while teach ing, thus the student will not give full attention to the lesson and this factor will causes stress among teachers. Inadequate salaries also one of the factor that face by many teachers and this has also causes stress among teachers. Most of the teachers complain of their low salaries.Some of them compare their salaries with other professionals group and their work at school level with the teachers at college level. This situations become stressful for the teachers. However, to meet their expenditure they search for other ways. For example, they do a private tuition which is a good way. But not the best one because it is not good for teachers to earn from their own school students. In addition, parents and society give a high expectations and invest them with an enormous degree of responsibility while politicians continually declare that our children are our nation’s future.In response to such statement, the teachers ask for their financial rewards that equate with such impor tant task. This shows that inadequate salaries is one of the causes of stress among teachers. The school success is strongly influence by unconcerned parents, parents beliefs, an integral part of the educational process and parental support of children’s work. Generally, the teachers welcome parental environment in schools but majority of the parents are not supportive. to teachers. Unsupportive parents come under two major varieties which are not involved and too involved.Parents whom not involved are those parents who are not available, incapable or uninterested in their children’s education and those who put the whole responsibility of educating their children on teachers. Parents whom too involved are those parents who have decided that the real education is only possible if parents constantly monitor what occurs in the school. Usually, this parents feel that their child is being overlooked by the teacher and that only constant pressure on their part will rectify t he situations.Generally, parents are perceived by the teachers as either unhelpful, unavailable or intrusive although all parents are not of such kind. This societal factors is one of the causes of stress. It is generally accepted that stress is a multi-dimensional and multi-concept. Increasingly it has acquired a negative connotation, implying excessive demand or pressure. It is difficult to distinguish stress from its causes and effects. Large class size, inadequate salaries and societal factor are the causes of stress among teachers.However, the teachers should fine an effective way to overcome their stress such as take control of the situations, figure out what is the most important and set priorities. By practicing these alternative they can reduce their stress and become more relevant in their job. (718 words) f) Final Stress could simply be defined as an unpleasant emotion which arises when people worry that they could not cope with excessive pressures or other types of deman d placed upon them such as anger or depression by a teacher usually accompanied by potentially pathogenic, physiological and biochemical changes resulting from aspects of the teacher’s job.Stress also has become an integral part of living. For some individuals it is the driving force behind successful undertakings and for others it is the cause of their failures. In this ever-changing and fast-paced society, career related stress has become a prevalent term in everyday language. Whether one is a novice or a seasoned veteran in profession, almost all individuals experienced stressful situations in their jobs. Recently, this condition has been more widely explored for a select group of professionals which are our nation’s teachers.Therefore, it is essential for both pre-service teachers and those already in the profession to identify the causes of stress. Generally, the most effective classrooms are those in which teachers can communicate and cope with each of the studen t to meet their needs, thus require full attention of the students. The task become difficult with the increase in size of the class because large class size provides fewer opportunities to interact individually with each student. Hence, the teacher feel less involved and less effective.Moreover, with the increase in class size, the classroom management will become more difficult. The teacher might need to use higher voice tone while teaching and giving instructions to students. Furthermore, overcrowded classrooms will make the lesson uninteresting and the students will feel sleepy because the teacher cannot focus on every student while teaching, thus the student will not give full attention to the lesson and this factor will causes stress among teachers.Inadequate salaries also one of the factor that face by many teachers and this has also causes stress among teachers. Most of the teachers complain of their low salaries. Some of them compare their salaries with other professionals group and their work at school level with the teachers at college level. This situation become stressful for the teachers. However, to meet their expenditure they search for other ways. For example, they do a private tuition which is a good way. But not the best one because it is not good for teachers to earn from their own school students.In addition, parents and society give a high expectations and invest them with an enormous degree of responsibility while politicians continually declare that our children are our nation’s future. In response to such statement, the teachers ask for their financial rewards that equate with such important task. This shows that inadequate salaries is one of the causes of stress among teachers. The school success is strongly influence by unconcerned parents, parents beliefs, an integral part of the educational process and parental support of children’s work.Generally, the teachers welcome parental environment in schools but majority of t he parents are not supportive. Unsupportive parents come under two major varieties which are not involved and too involved. Parents whom not involved are those parents who are not available, incapable or uninterested in their children’s education and those who put the whole responsibility of educating their children on teachers. Parents whom too involved are those parents who have decided that the real education is only possible if parents constantly monitor what occurs in the school.Usually, this parents feel that their child is being overlooked by the teacher and that only constant pressure on their part will rectify the situations. Generally, parents are perceived by the teachers as either unhelpful, unavailable or intrusive although all parents are not of such kind. This societal factor is one of the causes of stress. It is generally accepted that stress is a multi-dimensional and multi-concept. Increasingly it has acquired a negative connotation, implying excessive deman d or pressure. It is difficult to distinguish stress from its causes and effects.Large class size, inadequate salaries and societal factor are the causes of stress among teachers. However, the teachers should fine an effective way to overcome their stress such as take control of the situations, figure out what is the most important and set priorities. By practicing these alternative they can reduce their stress and become more relevant in their job. (718 words) g) Reference 1. Retrieve 15th April 2013 from www. studygs. net 2. Retrieve 15th April 2013 from ukessays. com 3. Retrieve 15th April 2013 from www. jstor. org 4. Retrieve 15th April 2013 from www. netplaces. com

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Forensic Science Mod 12 Review Essay

1. What is a comparison microscope? What are the advantages of this microscope? A comparison Microscope is 2 microscopes in one it allows you to view 2 slides at once. This is a huge advantage because it allows you to compare evidence with known sample. 2. What are the three substances that generally make up paint? Describe each part. The three substances that generally make up paint are Pigments, Binders and Solvent. Pigments are what produce a particular color of paint. Binders are what provide support for the paint and the solvent is what makes the paint into a liquid. 3. What are polymers? Polymers are substances that are made up of many atoms that form in repeating patterns. 4. What is a scanning electron microscope? What are its advantages? The scanning electron microscope is a microscope that works by shooting beams of electrons at the slide and recording the emissions of the electrons. One advantage is that it has much better magnification than other microscopes! 5. What is the PDQ? What is it used for? The PDQ also known as the Paint Data Quarry is a database that allows some forensic labs to compare automobile paint to narrow down the paint color to the make and model of a car. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What are some of the challenges for forensic scientists in dealing with fiber evidence? Some challenges for Forensic Scientists dealing with fibers are that they have to find these tiny pieces of evidence. 2. What does it mean if a paint sample â€Å"matches† a known sample from a vehicle? Does this indicate the same source? Why or why not? 3. Why are microscopes important to forensic scientists? Microscopes are important to forensic science because it allows us to compare and analyze evidence such as trace evidence. 4. What elements of paint can help forensic scientists compare samples to each other? Paint samples can be compared to each other by comparing the three core products the! Which are pigments which are added to make a certain color? Another is the  Binder which provides support to the paint and Solvents which are there to disperse these substances.

Friday, November 8, 2019

RB1 Very Short Essay

RB1 Very Short Essay RB1 Very Short Essay Retail Banks as Financial Intermediaries Professor John B Holland The University of Glasgow January 15th 2015 RETAIL BANKING – Juggling risks - for profit How do it? How learn how to do it? How develop Retail Bank? How get Competitive Advantage? RETAIL BANKING – Juggling risks - as teams & organisation How do it? How learn how to do it? How develop Retail Bank? How get Competitive Advantage? Real world Models of Retail Banks Overview – ‘juggler’ Retail banking – juggling financial risks - and returns /profits Individuals & teams in Bank firms Retail banking – juggling financial risks - and returns /profits Individuals & teams in Bank firms Banks as ‘middle men’ Bank as ‘Juggler’ Individuals Households Households Cash Deposits safety & Payments Services 1-7 Individuals Banks transform deposits into loans Equity Loans and Cash WHAT IS OVERALL VIEW OF INTERMEDIATION MODEL? =Complex ‘balancing’ or ‘juggling’ of risks – for profit ASSETS LIABILITIES ON BOTH SIDES Contracting & control of Information asymmetry =IS Moral hazard =MH, Adverse selection =AS Active screen of, influence of risky depositor/borrower behaviour. Diversification of risks. Use of capital risk ‘buffers’. Cross balance sheet risk effects. Thus transform Risk, Maturity, Liquidity via these internal mechanisms RETAIL BANKING – MAIN SLIDES ï  · Information asymmetry =IS ï  · Moral hazard =MH ï  · Adverse selection =AS ‘Real world’ model of Retail Banking Details of how they do it Retail banking – key points – about ‘real world’ model ï  · Bank as ‘juggler’ of risks for profit ï  · ï  · Small transactions –on balance sheet – small customers Banks exploit - combination of payments & intermediation ï  · Look at each risk area by itself – assume no dynamics between them – no juggling ï  · Contracting to reduce risk - both assets & liabilities ï  · Diversify risk- both assets & liabilities ï  · Cash ‘absorb’ liability risk ï  · Equity ‘absorb’ bad debt risk ï  · ï  · Bank manage risks – seek profit and added value Via how manage lending, how provide payment /deposits ï  · ï  · Overall Juggling = Bank transform capital = Financial intermediary ï  · Retail bank = risk & return management ‘machine’ = ‘real world’ model by size, risk, maturity etc Characterisitcs of RB RETAIL BANKING - CHARACTERISTICS ï  · Financial service provision to individuals and small firms ï  · Large volumes of low value transactions ï  · Large network of branches ï  · Major technology investment ï  · Close interaction with customers ï  · Retail often combined with wholesale, investment, & corporate banking RETAIL BANKING – BALANCE SHEET LIABILITIES ASSETS ï  · Many small deposits. ï  · Many deposit types current, 60 day etc. * Many small loans *many different terms For loans-rates/maturity ï  · Some large deposits from banks, firms. * loans longer life than Deposits & larger size ï  · High leverage low equity, high debt * cash in excess of required & securities as liquidity ï  · Liabilities mainly to fund financial Assets * real assets large but less than financial assets. RETAIL BANK - INCOME AND EXPENSES ï  · Fees & charges do not cover non interest expenses ï  · Labour costs high ï  · Interest margin wider than wholesale ï  · Payments services & ï  · Technology are major expenses Combine Payments and Intermediation? WHY COMBINE PAYMENTS & INTERMEDIATION ? ï  · Bank - based on links between ï  · Medium of exchange & ï  · Store of value ï  · & Bank advantages = ï  · + ‘Payment via claims on bank ï  · dominates payment via trade credit/IOUs ï  · Because banks have advantages in enforcing contracts, ï  · & Their debit cards / cheques /payments are safe / convenient WHY COMBINE PAYMENTS & INTERMEDIATION ? ï  · Money? Decisions to sell & buy ï  · Are separated in time ï  · Since money allows us to sell goods for general purchasing power which can be exercised later. ï  · Money used as store of purchasing power (= PP ) ï  · Seller can hold the proceeds between sale and future purchase ï  · - in wallet, but often in safe bank account ï  · Or buyer

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Sentence Structure The Basics of Word Order

Sentence Structure The Basics of Word Order Sentence Structure: The Basics of Word Order A grammatical sentence is more than just the sum of its parts. All those parts have to be in the correct order, too. Using an incorrect word order, on the other hand, may lead to errors or a lack of clarity. Thankfully, the basics of word order are easy to remember if you use the initialism â€Å"SVO.† Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) The minimum required for a grammatical sentence is a subject (i.e., the person or thing that is doing or being something) followed by a verb (i.e., the action or state of being). You can see this in the table below: Subject (S) Verb (V) Steve†¦ †¦dances. The sentence above has only two words: the proper noun â€Å"Steve† and the verb â€Å"dances.† This is enough to create a grammatical sentence, but only if we use those words in the order shown. If we were to reverse the word order here, it would not make sense (â€Å"Dances Steve†). Any sentence with a transitive verb will also require a direct object after the verb. This â€Å"object† is the thing being acted upon in the sentence. For example: Subject (S) Verb (V) Object (O) Sally†¦ †¦kicks †¦the ball. In the sentence above, the subject (â€Å"Sally†) acts upon (â€Å"kicks†) the object (â€Å"the ball†). Any order other than subject + verb + object here would be ungrammatical with adding extra words. And as such, this basic word order is often the clearest, most concise option available. Indirect Objects If you’re feeling a little braver about word order now, you might be ready to tackle indirect objects. An indirect object is the thing that receives the direct object in a sentence, such as in the following: Subject Verb Direct Object Preposition Indirect Object Jimmy†¦ †¦gave †¦the present †¦to†¦ †¦his grandad. To break this down a bit, in this case: â€Å"Jimmy† is the subject. The verb is â€Å"gave.† The direct object is â€Å"the present.† And â€Å"his grandad† is the indirect object. As you can see, then, when following a preposition like â€Å"to† or â€Å"for,† we place the indirect object after the object in the sentence. However, if we omit the preposition the sentence, the indirect object would go before the object (making the correct order subject + verb + indirect object + object): Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object Jimmy†¦ †¦gave †¦his grandad †¦the present. This distinction is key, so it’s always worth checking whether your sentence contains a preposition if you’re unsure about the correct word order. Summary: The Basics of Word Order The basic word order in English is captured in the initials SVO: Subject + Verb + Object Each of these plays a specific role in the sentence: Subject (S) – The person or thing that enacts the verb in the sentence. Verb (V) – The action or state of being described. Object (O) – The direct object is the person or thing being acted upon. The minimum required for a grammatical sentence is a subject plus a verb. But any sentence with a transitive verb will have a direct object as well. The word order may be slightly more complicated in a sentence that includes an indirect object (i.e., the recipient of a direct object in a sentence). In this case, the correct word order depends on whether you’re using a preposition. If you are using one, the correct order is: Subject + Verb + Object + Indirect Object If the preposition is omitted, the sentence should be ordered: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Object Finally, don’t forget that proofreading is a great way to ensure that your writing is free from grammatical errors. And our expert editors are always here and ready to help, so why not submit a document today?

Sunday, November 3, 2019

I don't have one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I don't have one - Essay Example In the short story, drugs led to his incarceration, thus increasing his predicament. However, his aptitude in jazz music has significantly aided him in alleviating his challenges. In James Baldwin’s short story, titled Sonny’s Blues, the narrator depicts Sonny as a teenaged character struggling with various challenges in the slums of Harlem. The story’s setting is in the middle of the 20th century, a time when racial discrimination was at all times high. Racial discrimination against the African Americans by the whites came in all forms thus posing tremendous negative or undesirable effects in the society. The narrator, an anonymous character, gives a picture of Sonny fighting drug abuse and other social dilemmas through jazz music, which he strongly disapproves. Moreover, he says "and his music seemed to be merely an excuse for the life he led† (Madden 321). The writer describes how Sonny uses his artful skills in mitigating his challenges that include drug abuse and poverty. In one instance, the narrator shows how Sonny hangs in several nightclubs, in a bid to use his talent in jazz music to avert drug (heroin) addiction. His brother, the narrator does not understand his passion in music until one day when they go together in a nightclub (Schewhn and Bass 331). In that particular occasion, the narrator realizes the power of music in keeping Sonny sound and normal, while staying away from drugs and other social tribulations that significantly affects his life. However, his jazz musical talent could have a negative effect on him since the narrator’s in-laws took him as a low-classed boy. In addition, Sonny’s involvement in jazz music led him into drug addiction, a condition he unsuccessfully tried to eliminate. His addiction has also landed him in jail and severely affected his relationship with his brother, the narrator (F einstein and Rife 506). Through his jazz music, Sonny is able to communicate the

Friday, November 1, 2019

Research paper and process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Research paper and process - Assignment Example ss will help me in analyzing my chosen topic of interest and hence they will help a lot during my data collection and in writing the conclusion of my topic of interest. As a final year, student, I do not have a lot of time to choose my topic of interest and can not concentrate on it fully since I have to attend to a lot of projects; hence, this class should have been taught in other years and not during the final year. Reflection #2:  What are the problems/issues/roadblocks with your paper/topic at this point and what are you going to do about them?   What are the problems/roadblocks that you expect to encounter during this class? (200 words) One of the major difficulties that I face in my Capstone course is time management, as a finalist student I am experiencing some hard time in trying to manage my time well and find enough time to research extensively on my topic on interest. I can not also write as fast as I am required to do since I am using English as a second language. Making a plan to do research on my chosen topic will tremendously help me to acquire the material I need for my research but this is being hindered by my school schedule since I have to juggle and attend several other classes, I also have to do other research in other courses. This is therefore, creating so little time for my capstone course. If I had to get a chance to do capstone without much pressure, I can perform much better and thus make this course an impressive achievement to my life hence add value to my studies. Reflection #3:  Critique your writing process.   What worked for you?   What didn’t?   What problems or roadblocks did you hit in the writing process that you could avoid for the rest of the course?  Ã‚  Are these different or the same from roadblock problems in your art/design work and why? (200 words) I become a slow writer when i am faced in dealing with several projects at a time. This becomes even worse when the number of projects are doubled hence creating a jam